Essay on Multinationalism and Globalization in Britain

Britain is widely regarded as a Postmodern society, and if this is the case must be subject to two of the central issues of this circumstance: those of first globalisation, then multinationalism. What is it that these concepts constitute that affects contemporary British society? The academic, David Held describes globalisation as the increasing extent, intensity, velocity and impact of world-wide interconnectedness - that is the growing extent to which societies, more local groupings and indeed individuals are interdependent, and can be affected by events well outside their immediate sphere of concern. Put simply, it is the decreasing importance of the nation state and its boundaries. It is†¦show more content†¦In its most contemporary and widely perceived form, globalisation is often considered to be the increasing interconnectedness of people and societies across the world, and the coming of a global village. It is perhaps due largely to rapid advances in the field of com munications with the development of the Internet, digital broadcasting, mobile telecommunications and satellite communications, that the individual of today has such broad horizons, and may consider the world his own. Similarly, the development of air travel makes it increasingly possible to travel to anywhere on earth with the minimum effort, time and cost. This increasing freedom of access for all has naturally led in part to an erosion of the authority and power of traditional institutions such as government and religion, and most importantly has decreased the centrality of the boundaries of locality, region and nation to the lives of ordinary people. The gradual growth of consciousness of the international picture among the developed nations of the Western World following the all-encompassing World War Two, has undeniably created a shift towards embracing international co-operation and globalisation in its broadest sense. The UN for example, is now widely regarded as a legitimate body, as demonstrated by the recent

Financial Indicators Asset Turnover Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1367 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The graph clearly shows the asset turnover of the four firms Digi Box 0.53x, Little World 1.07x, Blue 0.43x and Mersal 0.24x here the average asset turnover is 0.57x. The asset turnover ratio represents the turnover of assets by dividing sales on total assets (Brigham Houston, 2007). The asset turnover ratio shown in the graph revealed that Little World is the leader when it comes to volume of the business with respect to its total asset investment with asset turnover ratio of 1.07x. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Indicators Asset Turnover Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Mersal with lowest asset turnover 0.24x is even below the average asset turnover of 0.57x, the firm seriously needs to increase its sales or sell some of the assets or use both strategies to increase asset turnover. Mersal must use either of the strategies to increase its asset turnover. Blue with asset turnover of 0.43x shows the firm also needs to increase its assets turnover by increasing sales or adopting similar strategies. Digi Box has asset turnover of 0.53x the firm could further increase its sales to become the leader in terms of assets turnover. Equity ratio is also termed as debt ratio which specifically measures the long-term debt paying capacity or ability of any firm (Gibson, 2011). This ratio also measures that how well the creditors are protected or covered against risk if the company becomes bankrupt. The graph shows the equity ratio of the four firms Digi Box 83.21%, Little World 70.53%, Blue 95.91% and Mersal 89.37%, here the average for equity ratio is 84.76%. Comparing with the average trade mark equity ratio of 84.76% the Little Worlds equity ratio of 70.53% which is the lowest and shows that Little world is financed more with the help of debt instead of equity, and the ratio is signalling an alarm for the creditors that the firm is losing its capacity to pay its long-term debt. Comparing equity ratio of Little World with Digi Boxs equity ratio of 83.21%, Digi Box is in the red area of near to losing its capacity to pay long-term debts. Mersal with equity ratio of 89.37% and Blue 95.91% shows that these two firms are more financed by banks and therefore threatens the creditors that they are not protected for long-term investments in the firm. Net debt to equity ratio measures the leverage of the firm by dividing long-term debt by stockholders equity and focuses on long-term debts (Megginson Smart, 2009). This ratio is another indication of the level of debt taken by the firm and presents the results by spreading total debt over the shareholders. The net debt to equity ratio in the graph show net debt to equity ratio of Digi Box -52.3%, Little World -12.84%, Blue -64.17% and Mersal -67.16%, here the average will be -49.12%. Mersal with net debt to equity ratio -67.16% shows that the firm is leveraged less with debt and relies heavily on equity and has the least exposure to debt out of the four firms. Blue comes second with -64.17% and Digi Box third at -52.13% of net debt to equity ratio, the negative ratio shows that the firm can take loans from the bank to start new investments as long as the rate of the return of investments is more than the rate of interest. Little World with net debt to equity ratio of -12.84% relies comparatively more on debt with respect to other firms but still the negative values shows that the firm is leveraged through equity and not through debt. Asset Structure Asset Structure shows how much of the firms assets are fixed assets, inventories, receivables and cash equivalents. Firms whose assets are suitable for banks to keep as security and offer loans, use debt more than the firms whose assets are not suitable for security as loan (Brigham Houston, 2007). Asset structure is an important factor in making capital structure decisions. According to the figures shown in the graph Little World has 84.62K receivables which is higher Blue 64.22K, Mersal 59.69K, DigiBox 41.67K and shows that more of little worlds assets are in the form of receivables. Receivables do increase assets but provided they are not liquid assets, hence reducing asset turnover of a firm. Little World also has the most Fixed Assets equal to 901.6K showing the firms long-term investments also the assets which can be kept for security with banks in order to take loans for investments. At the same time the graph shows Little World also has the minimum inventories of 775.52K whi ch is good and low inventories add up to increase asset turnover, and Mersal at 332.77K, DigiBox 1.35M, Little World 775.52K and Blue 1.63M with the highest inventories. Blue held the most cash and cash equivalent of 6.09M showing the liquidity of the firm. Total Asset/Equity The asset structure revealed that team Little World has 84.62K of its assets in the form of receivables hence decreasing the liquidity of the team. Little World has the most Fixed Assets equal to 901.6K, hence firm can seek more investments from banks and Little World also held minimum inventories. The asset turnover ratio also revealed that Little World has the highest asset turnover ratio of 1.07x, more than Digi Box 0.53x, Blue 0.43x and Mersal 0.24x. Therefore according to asset structure and turnover Little World has the highest asset turnover out of all the four teams. Average Logistics Cost per sold product This graph shows the average logistics cost for selling products in Asia and Erurope, Mersal with USD 20.8 the highest average logistics cost per product sold in Asia and Little World with USD 6.6 the lowest average logistic cost per product sold in Asia. Consequently Little World outperforming others with lowest average logistics cost per sold product in Asia. Blue and Mersal have the highest average logistics cost per sold product in Europe i.e. USD 12.6 and DigiBox has the lowest average logistics cost per sold product i.e USD 8.9, consequently in Europe DigiBox outperforms Little World, Mersal and Blue. Selected Line Item Analysis Outsourcing Costs The Tech 1 product costs show the graph for outsourcing production to Asia and it reveals that Digi Box has the lowest cost for outsourcing work to Asia followed by Blue. The Tech 2 production cst graph reveals that Little world has the lowest cost for outsourcing to USA and Asia. Research and Development The figures in profit and loss statement show that Little World spends the highest on Research and Development i.e. USD 330,000 K more than Mersal 251,085 K, Blue 205,000K and DigiBox 55,000K. Research and development is an important part in product development, team Little World spending more on research and development is an important factor in increasing sales consequently increasing total asset turnover. Cash Reserves Mersal has the highest cash and cash equivalent as shown by the figures in Balance Sheet, which shows the liquidity of the firm but also losing investment opportunities due to holding large sums of cash, followed by Blue and DigiBox. Little World on the other hand has lowest cash and cash equivalent showing that the firm is involved more in investing activities. Simulation Learning Outcomes Logistics According to the graph Team Mersal has the highest average logistics cost per sold product in Asia i.e. USD 25.6 and DigiBox with USD 18.7 the lowest average logistics cost per sold product in Asia, therefore team DigiBox has the competitive edge over Little World USD 23.9, Blue USD 20.9 and Mersal. Managing a global organization is a complex challenge to manage logistics in Asia and Europe, here team DigiBox outperforms in Asia whereas in Europe all the teams have almost the same average logistics cost per sold product. Learning This exercise revealed that team Little World has the highest market share of 34.59%, followed by DigiBox 25.94%, Blue 22.84% and Mersal 16.62%. Little world is also offering competitive prices in USA for both Tech 1 and Tech 2. DigiBox is offering lowest prices for Tech 1 in USA. Consequently Little World is the leader in terms of prices in USA, Aisa and Europe. Final Remarks The Simulation exercise has been very useful in managing global operations with the help of financial ratio analysis financial statements. This simulation has helped the team to make decisions based on the information retrieved from financial ratios, consequently providing opportunities for students to learn how to predict financial numbers.

Attachment Theory And Its Impact On Our Lives - 1203 Words

New born babies are the future of mankind and how we treat them has a great impact on our lives. Each new born baby is shaped by the culture they are around and no one baby is raised the exact same as another baby. Early interactions with one’s mother shape the way a baby will be throughout its life. Depriving a baby of different motherly actions can have a profound impact on the baby’s livelihood. The attachment theory should continue to be researched because there is still much to learn about the development of young infants. This is displayed in, an experiment by Harry Harlow, chapter 6 of Opening Skinner’s Box titled â€Å"Monkey Love†. Harlow designed an experiment to use fake monkey mothers in order to solve how this affected the life of†¦show more content†¦The sample size for Bowlby was much too small and not analyzed for a period of time. Furthermore, from the time we are born, we need a being to help guide and shape us to keep the natural cycle of life going. As humans, we are often called advanced descendants of a common ancestor we share with present day apes and monkeys. This is showcases by the fact that 94% of Rhesus Macaque Monkey’s genetic heritage is the same as humans (136). Losing a loved one or any traumatic experience can be one of the hardest things to deal with in life. These events often make us appreciate the people in our life and help us cherish the ones close to us. Affection from another human being can be one of the greatest things in life. A hug has so much more meaning behind it than simply wrapping your arms around the person, it makes us feel safe and loved. A hug from a parent is one of the greatest things in the world because of the love behind it. Harry Harlow completed his undergraduate and graduate studies at Stanford University before taking a job at the University of Wisconsin A wire object with one nipple on it made from steel would not fool an adult monkey or human, but could fool someone

An Inward Collapse of the Human Perspective in Forsters...

An Inward Collapse of the Human Perspective in Forsters A Passage to India The reverberation of sound in the form of an echo is threaded throughout E.M. Forsters A Passage to India, and the link between the echo and the hollowness of the human spirit is depicted in the text. The echo is not heard in the beginning of the text when the English newcomers, Mrs. Moore and Ms. Quested, arrive in India; it is more clearly heard as their relationship with India gains complexity. The influence of the colonizers and the colonized on one another is inevitable; however, the usual assumption is that the colonists are the most successful in imposing their values and ideologies on the individuals whom they view as the natives. In an†¦show more content†¦Forster depicts the influence of the colonized on the colonizers who are exposed to their inward emptiness as a reflection of their metaphysical disconnectedness. The environment in which the English find themselves in India is diametrically opposed to the sense of order and reason presumed to exist in the Western world. In relation to characteristics attached to colonists in general, the English colonists have arrived in India with pre-conceived notions of how the world operates and how people should behave within the constructs of their rational world. The English view the world from a limited perspective, and the chaos that India introduces to them challenges many of the English characters ideologies of spirituality in the universe and within themselves. Even though India is portrayed as a puzzling environment where the native inhabitants lack a sense of self as they submit to the colonists, it is the English characters who appear weak as they are juxtaposed to an environment rich in wisdom and spirituality. Forster describes the section of Chandrapore in which the English reside as a city of gardens, which is in contrast to the residences of the Indians described as So abased, so monotonous is everything that meets the eye, that when the Ganges comes down it might be expected to wash the excrescence back into the soil (Forster 4) . However, in

Education Gap and Social Mobility Free Essays

â€Å"America may be the land of opportunities, but it is also the land of inequalities†(Lareau, pg3). The American dream is perceived to be obtainable for everyone, not on a rigid class structure, but the rising concern of an educational gap and social mobility presents a new theory that may deviate this notion. Throughout Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life, by Annette Lareau, Racial and Ethnic Stratification in Education Achievement and Attainment, by Grace Koa and Jennifer S. We will write a custom essay sample on Education Gap and Social Mobility or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thompson, and the black-white test score gap, by George Farkas, each with its own approach, analyze the pre-exiting relationship between race, ethnicity, social class, and the academic performance and achievement attainment of different counterparts. Essentially, each with its own childrearing practices that could pertain to the level of success an individual is exposed to. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life, is a sociological study that draws in-depth observations of black and white middle-class, working-class, and poor families. Author Annette Lareau, introduces the power of the social class and their limitations in which may either benefit or become a disadvantage for some. While the important of social class is often overlooked, Lareau ventures out to disprove the notion that this country is â€Å"fundamentally open. † While the common belief is that people who demonstrate hard work, effort and talent, uphold equal life chances, and are capable of achieving upward mobility, Lareau challenges the idea that success is solely in the hands of the individual, but more so the parent’s social location that systematically shapes a child’s daily life. While observing numerous counterparts, she argues that social categories are important to conclude in order to help understand the behavior of family members and their routine of their daily lives. Annette Lareau develops and introduces two types of childrearing practices, concerted cultivation and the accomplishment of natural growth. Among her notion that social class is pertinent to a child’s outcome, it is also derived from the childrearing practices of a parent. While concerted cultivation provides a child of middle class more opportunities, it may also come with a weighted cost. As for natural growth, it provides an individual with kinship and the ability to attain relationships, but withdrawals the opportunity to proficient in a school or professional setting. Essentially Lareau focuses on social class and child-rearing practices to provide evidence and prove her theory about social inequality. How to cite Education Gap and Social Mobility, Papers

New World free essay sample

Beginning with the voyages of Columbus and other explorers, the encounter of the Americas would soon lead to the start of increased trade between Africa, Europe, and the Americas. This immense trade changed the Atlantic Ocean from a predominantly unclaimed vast ocean into part of the growing maritime empires, booming with trade. As the region progressed, economic, political, and social changes occurred rapidly due to the emergence of the Triangular Trade Route and the Trans- Atlantic Slave Trade.By the late sass, the increased participation in these trade routes allowed a multitude of modesties to reach the Atlantic World, permitting Europeans to construct big maritime empires and constantly serve as the dominant countries in trade and land. As the values and institutions of European lifestyles became planted firmly in the colonization of the Americas and the slave trade thrived, a new multicultural social system emerged based on race and origin. The pre- Columbian Era consisted of scarce interaction benzene the Old World and the Americas, who were relatively isolated from the global trade. We will write a custom essay sample on New World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A series of thriving trading empires, such as Ghana, Mali, and Shanghai created herring cities in Northern and Central Africa. Africa, composed mainly of a tribe system was under the influence of animistic practices. The general essence of Africa was relatively calm, compared to what later decisions would create. In the Americas, Native Americans taking residence there had a set polytheistic religion and system that held rulers and priests at a high social status and farmers and slaves at the lowest.The incredible domains of the Inca and Aztec showed great feats of engineering and technology, including Denominational, chinas, and a road system, much like the road system the earlier Persians used. With many regional tribes located there, the Americas were content in their own sphere of unknown exploration. Across the Atlantic were Africa and a very motivated Europe. Under a system of feudalism, Western Europeans had just come out of the Middle Ages. In Spain, the Spanish monarchy had just cleared the final Muslim residents out of Europe.Due to recent contact with Asian goods during the Crusades, Europeans began searching for a way to receive those luxuries without having to trade through the Muslim Ottoman Turks. The Portuguese spear- headed he Age of Exploration with intentions of finding a direct route to Asia. Following in pursuit, Spain sent Columbus to find the Indies, but instead encountered the Caribbean in 1492. The Spanish, and other explorers to come, would be surprised and astonished from their discovery.Europeans were under the impression beyond the ocean to the West was Asia, when in fact between the two was the hidden continent of the Americas. Columbus finding of the Americas, although he didnt know at the time, marked the beginning of what was to become a truly global trade network. The Spanish and the Portuguese served as the first to colonize the New World, however having a range of consequences. Upon meeting the Europeans on the shores of their land, the natives, minimized to the disease smallpox, decreased greatly in number. Along with disease and exploited enemies, superior weapons served as trouble for the Aztec and Inca empires. Through conquest, the Spanish and the Portuguese began renovating the land with cash crops. The Columbian Exchange soon interlocked the Americas and Europe; horses, cattle and manufactured products were exported from Europe, while tobacco, sugar, and other New World crops were exported out of the Americas. The New World Crops would have a profound effect on Old World countries; European and African populations increased, as well as the demand for such goods.The encomia system, as well as a new social system developed where those from pure Spanish origin ranked at the top, while the conquered natives remained at a low status. With many of the Aztec, Inca, and additional native cultures disrupted and prohibited, the religion Of many Of the conquered natives transitioned from a polytheistic life system to Christianity. The natives of South America upon coming into contact with th e European conquistadors heavily declined in population as a result of disease and conquest. One priest, Bartholomew De Lass Cases called for change; he felt the encomia system exploited the natives and Europeans should use Africans instead, who were better equipped to handle the work. As the Native population dramatically fell, Europeans started looking elsewhere for labor on new plantations- what they found as a solution would greatly change trade and society. In the mid- 16005, coastal Portuguese trade ports on the coast of Africa generated a forced migration of over 15 million slaves to Brazil or plantations in the Caribbean.Slaves became the predominant export of Africa to the Americas, and with the surplus of labor, the sugar plantations in the Caribbean thrived, enriching many European powers. There became an emergence of the European middle class in the Old World composed of merchants, traders, and artisans. Lords who needed money to buy goods would accept it from peasants, allowing them to pay their lords with money rather than labor. Thus, the traditional feudal sy stem declined and social mobility increased. Along with decline of feudalism, the thriving Triangular Trade Route brought forth the Commercial Revolution. New methods of business were introduced and the rising middle class began forming into organizations- partnerships, joint stock companies, banking, and insurance companies. Capitalism emerged in the Western World, and Europe was growing from a basic cluster of countries and towns to an inter-dependent complex society, while the Americas and Africa were becoming renovated. With the addition Of slaves, the social system Of the Americas became even more complex.Along with the natives, slaves were placed at a low status. Mostly men, and women, were taken from their African cities and in return, rising African tribes received weapons. The violence occurring in Africa counter- acted the earlier period of prosperous trade. The earlier African social system was undermined, and many cities became dependent on the slave trade. Europeans, such as the Spanish, dominated social classes in Africa and the Americas. The diversity created by the multi- ultra/ ethnic change omitted another addition to the social system.Those from mixed European/ African or European/ native descent, known as mulattoes or messiest, held a higher social status than those of pure native or African origin. The new social hierarchy of the Spaniards became directly responsible for the restrictions of freedom based on ethnicity and descent. What began as a search for an alternative route to Asia resulted in some of the greatest turning points in history. The incorporation of the Americas into global interaction made an obvious difference; growing empires expanded room land domains to maritime empires. Spain was able to dominate many of those affairs and influence a whole new sphere of people. While they were to dominate for the time being, the world around them was transforming in their benefit. The amount of cultural diffusion was inevitable. The Atlantic World trade routes served as a path for Europeans to advance ahead of many other civilizations, playing out later as what made many of those civilizations take devastating defeats.

Phylogenomic Analysis of Echinoderm †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Phylogenomic Analysis of Echinoderm. Answer: Introduction: The echinoderms share similar benthic habitats, comprising of the five phylum classes. Over there are variations based on their classes. This is consistent with mitochondrial genomics analysis which show that there is conservation of 37 mt genes on Echinoderms; however this is not same for all the phyla classes, with differences being observed among the two species or families. At the same time similarities have been observed among four classes, however there were difference on two families of the Ophiuridae and Ophiactidae, which show differences as can be exhaled by the inversion differences, (Michonneau Paulay, 2015). The notable usage of mitochondrial genomes in analysing the Echnodermata on the phylogenetic relationship shave been controversial due to the conservation of the different genes order in the different families of echinoderms. Further compounding this biological question is the position which revolves around the ophiouroids. Several hypothesis have been put forwards to explain this by none has been explicit in elaborating sufficient evidences to support this, (Khor Ettensohn, 2017). Further analysis of genomes have shown that strong similarities among four classes which its gene orders can be interconvert through evolutionary means, while other gene orders for three species of two families of Ophiuridae, Ophiactidaeshows one inversion having nine mitochondrial genes with TRNA rearrangements, (Gittenberger, Rikoh de Voogd, 2016). Thus this observed similarities and differences have made it to biologically relate the relationship of the phylum echnodemerta and the observable differences in its states management. Hypothesis on evolution of echinoderms According to the study by Reich et al, (2015), there is occurrence of rapid radiation of echinodermata which occurred 10-15 million years ago with most recent ancestor in 500 million years ago referred to as Asterozoan hypothesis, which states that there is sister relationship between Ophiuroidea and Asteroidea, which is further supported by molecular sequences, (OHara Byrne, 2017). In the study conducted by Perseke et al, (2010), the phylogenitc analysis of protein coding genes shows that phylogentic analysis of all the 13genes of the ophinorderm species had loner chain branches. The genes CytB and Coxl exhibit evolution in clock like formation, while shorter chains dont have phylogenomic analysis. Further in the study by Perseke et al, (2013), chordata lineages phylogeny have suggested it to be related to Craniota due to the possession of notochord and other characters. Referred to as Notochordata hypothesis, while others are assessed on phylogenomic data which favours close relationship of Tunicata and Craniot offered to as Olfactores hypothesis. Close relationship of Enteropneusta to Chordata has led to Cyrtotreta hypothesis or Echinodermata yielding Ambulacraria hypothesis. According toTelfold et al, (2014), Asteroza hypothesis suggest that ophiuroids are sister groups of asteroids while the Cryptosyringida hypothesis links the ophiuroids instead to the Echinozoa. This relationship has evolutionary significance in that both classes have pluteus-type larva. In the study done by Rech et al, (2015), on phylogenomic analysis of echnodermata on supporting sister groups of Asterozoa and Echnozoa, find out that there were major transitions which were observed occurring in echinoids after the splitting of Asterozoa and Echinozoa. This findings were similar to those of Telford et al, (2010), which found out that under the Asteroza hypothesis, there is existence of differing molecular mechanism which suggest parallel evolution of the echinoids and ophiuroids, (Zmora et al, 2017). Power of study findings depend on the methodology and analysis of the results. Perseke et al, (2010), analysed the protein sequences using a comprehensive analytical tool based on the three different taxon sets for the amino acids. The specimens were collected in Roscoff France and tired using ht eRNAaleter. The preparation of the DNA was done using tissue phenol chloroform. This study entailed isolation of the mictochodirion and DNA extraction process, (Cleary et al, 2016). The phylogenetic analyses revealed the mitcohrodrial genomes within the Echinodermata which showed many difficulties as to pertaining the nucleotide compositions and the different evolutionary rates between the echinoderm classes. The analysis showed that the echinoderm genomes are conserved in echinodermata having gene differences, characterised by low unassigned sequences and high similarity sequences. This analysis, the phylogenetic analysis of the discrimanitated lineages within the Echinodermata, he Crinoidea, the Ophiuroidea, and a group containing Echinoidea, Holothuroidea and Asteroidia having similar amino acids sequence with gene evolution order, (Falkner et al, 2015). Thus this convincing pathway is entailed in the genetic makeup which characteristics the DNA of any material conforming the relationship in between the different phylum classes available in Echinodermata. Telford et al, (2014) showed most compelling data with the analysis soft h data sets of 219 genes from the echinoderm classes, which utilised analysis of probalistic Bayesen phylogenies methods which strongly supported the Asterozoa . This data signified the most reliable and evolving quartile of genes which gave the highest support to the Asteroza. Further this support in the study decline in second and third quartile with the fastest changing quartiles being placed on the ophiourides which is close to the root. Utilizing the phylogentic digital dissection, the study showed heterozygous sites which have unlikely grouping of Ophiuroidea with Holothuria, while the homogenous sites heavily supported Asterozoa family. Thus this data analysis supported the cryptosyringid hypothesis which supports heavily the Asterozoa. The phylogeny analysis performed in this study using the phylobayes analysis with computer intensive heterogeneous mixture having CAT+GTR+G with duration of one month analysis was performed. The reliability of the trees was done suing the 50 boot strap analysis replication. Cross validation sets were performed using the CAT+GTR+G, the WAG+G and GTR+G models using cross validation tests, (Semmens Elphick, 2017). Parsimony analysis entails the principle of offering simplest explanation to illustrate data. In phylogeny analysis it refers the relationships of hypothesis which requires the smallest number of changes in characters which is most likely to be correct. In molecular analysis, this offers DNA mutations. The article review, Telford et al, (2010), used parsimony to analyse the maximum phylogenitc signal dissection. Baysian phylogenetic analyses uses the likelihood of phylogeny in creating the quantity also referred to as posterior probability of trees, it is crucial in production of phylogentic tree for any given data. In the study by, Bayesian phylogenetic analyses was conducted with the phyloBayes having 1.3 b-mpi on the location of the dense supermatrix using the CAT-GTR model. Further in the study by Perseke, et al, (2010), performed Baysian analysis using MrBayes v.3.1.2 with MtRev as a mutation model with the variant size having varied substitution rates. Maximum likelihood estimation estimates the parameters for statistical models with observations. The maximum likelihood attempts to give a parameter values which maximizes the likelihood function. In the study, MLE was utilised in the study by Rech et al, (2015), maximum likelihood phylogentic analysis was utilised with RAxML (GAMMAWAG model) having 1000 boot strap iteration suited on the dense supermatrix sing the same model. Further in the study by Perseke et al, (2010), maximum likelihood tree for amino acid was constructed having all the sequence coding genes utilizing the taxon Hemichodata. Maximum likelihood estimates beneficial in using wide range analysis. It accomplishes the mean and variances which are estimated by the MLE, with reference with Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood estimate offers uniform distribution of parameters,(Silverman, 2018). Bayesian inference on the other hand is useful in estimating the probability of trees in any certain model. It gives appropriate phylogenetic tree for any provided data. Baysian phylogenetic analyses is a common molecular phylogenitics due to its user friendly model of evolution, (Gelman, 2014). Parsimony analysis phylogenetics is an optimal criterion which minimizes the total character in state changes. The optimal free minimizes the homoplasy, the results of this method is highly reliable with the shortest possible length is considered to have the best traits. It is a simple and intuitive criterion, which is easy to score management, (Zhou et al, 2015). Maximum likelihood estimate and Bayesian inference uses probability methodology thus estimates the values of any a given study sets. Parsimony analysis uses optimal criterion which minimizes the total number of character states. It is the preferred method due to its preference of homoplasy, indicating the shortest possible route. Thus in this task, Parsimony analysis will be beneficial in ensuring that all data is represented with genetic similarities having shorter tree diagram thus signifying linkage. It is a direct approach in assessing the phylogenies. Thus in tackling such a biological dilemma with regard to Echinoderma phylum species, all the families can form a tree diagram thus signifying genetic similarity. References Cleary, D.F.R., Polnia, A.R.M., Renema, W., Hoeksema, B.W., Rachello-Dolmen, P.G., Moolenbeek, R.G., Budiyanto, A., Tuti, Y., Draisma, S.G.A., Prud'homme van Reine, W.F. and Hariyanto, R., 2016. Variation in the composition of corals, fishes, sponges, echinoderms, ascidians, molluscs, foraminifera and macroalgae across a pronounced in-to-offshore environmental gradient in the Jakarta BayThousand Islands coral reef complex. Marine pollution bulletin, 110(2), pp.701-717. Falkner, I., Sewell, M.A. and Byrne, M., 2015. Evolution of maternal provisioning in ophiuroid echinoderms: characterisation of egg composition in planktotrophic and lecithotrophic developers. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 525, pp.1-13. Gelman, A., 2014. Bayesian data analysis: what it is and what it is not. Gittenberger, A., Rikoh, M.S. and de Voogd, N.J., 2016. Variation in the composition of corals, fishes, sponges, echinoderms, ascidians, molluscs, foraminifera and macroalgae across a pronounced in-to-offshore environmental gradient in the Jakarta BayThousand Islands coral reef complex. Khor, J.M. and Ettensohn, C.A., 2017. Functional divergence of paralogous transcription factors supported the evolution of biomineralization in echinoderms. eLife, 6. Michonneau, F. and Paulay, G., 2015. Using iNaturalist to learn more about echinoderms. O'Hara, T. and Byrne, M. eds., 2017. Australian Echinoderms: Biology, Ecology and Evolution. CSIRO PUBLISHING. Perseke, M., A. Golombek, M. Schlegel, and T. H. Struck. 2013. The impact of mitochondrial genome analyses on the understanding of deuterostome phylogeny.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 66:898-905. Perseke, M.et al. 2010. Mitochondrial genome evolution in Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, and Holothuroidea: insights in phylogenetic relationships of Echinodermata.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56:201-211. Reich, A., C. Dunn, K. Aakasaka, and G. Wessel.2015. Phylogenomic analyses of Echinodermata support the sister groups of Asterozoa and Echinozoa.PLoS ONE 10:e0119627. Semmens, D.C. and Elphick, M.R., 2017. The evolution of neuropeptide signalling: insights from echinoderms. Briefings in functional genomics, 16(5), pp.288-298. Silverman, B.W., 2018. Density estimation for statistics and data analysis. Routledge. Telford, M.F.,et al. 2014. Phylogenomic analysis of echinoderm class relationships supports Asterozoa.Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281:20140479 Zamora, S., Deline, B., lvaro, J.J. and Rahman, I.A., 2017. The Cambrian substrate revolution and the early evolution of attachment in suspension-feeding echinoderms. Earth-Science Reviews, 171, pp.478-491. Zhou, J., Lin, Y., Rajan, V., Hoskins, W. and Tang, J., 2015, September. Maximum parsimony analysis of gene copy number changes. In International Workshop on Algorithms in Bioinformatics (pp. 108-120). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.